48 BC: G Iulius Caesar
defeated Gn Pompeius Magnus at Pharsalus, Greece.
378: A Roman army led by Emperor
Valens was defeated by the Visigoths at
Adrianople (modern-day Edirne, in present-day Turkey). Valens and two-thirds of his army were killed.
1173: Construction began on the
campanile at Pisa, Italy. After a few pauses, it was finally completed in 1360.
1483: The first mass was celebrated in the
Sistine Chapel. (The famous ceiling paintings by Michelangelo were done during the period 1508-1512.)
1842: The
Webster-Ashburton Treaty, establishing the United States-Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains, was
signed.
1862: Confederate General Thomas J
Jackson narrowly defeated Union forces under General John
Pope at
Cedar Mountain, Virginia. After a regimental colour-bearer was killed, Captain George W
Corliss, C Company,
5th Connecticut Infantry, seized his fallen flag and carried it forward in the face of a severe fire. Though he himself was also shot down, permanently disabled, he planted the staff in the earth and kept the flag flying. Corliss was awarded the Medal of Honor.
1877: US forces commanded by Colonel John
Gibbon defeated Nez Percé Indians, led by chiefs
Joseph and
Looking Glass, at the
Big Hole River in Montana. Five members of the
7th US Infantry and one from the
2nd US Cavalry were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions during the battle.
1902: Edward VII, who had been King of the United Kingdom since his
mother's death in January, 1901, was crowned in Westminster Abbey. (The coronation had originally been scheduled for
26 June, but was postponed due to the king's appendicectomy.)
1936: Track star Jesse
Owens became the first American to win four medals in one Olympic Games.
1942: A Japanese force consisting of five heavy cruisers (
Chokai,
Aoba,
Furutaka,
Kako and
Kinugasa), two light cruisers (
Tenryu and
Yubari) and one destroyer (
Yunagi), commanded by Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa, entered the waters near Savo Island (off Guadalcanal). The Allied warships present - cruisers USS
Vincennes (
CA 44), USS
Astoria (
CA 34), USS
Quincy (
CA 39), HMAS
Australia (
D84)
*, HMAS
Canberra (
D33) and USS
Chicago (
CA 29), and destroyers USS
Helm (
DD 388), USS
Wilson (
DD 408), USS
Patterson (
DD 392), USS
Bagley (
DD 386), USS
Ralph Talbot (
DD 390) and USS
Blue (
DD 387), under the command of Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley VC DSC, RN - were taken completely by surprise. The Japanese torpedoes and gunfire proved extremely effective;
Quincy,
Vincennes,
Canberra and
Astoria were sunk, and
Chicago,
Patterson and
Ralph Talbot were damaged, with a loss of 1077 men. The Japanese had three ships (
Chokai,
Tenryu and
Kinugasa) damaged, and lost 58 men.
1945: Some 40,000 people were killed when an atomic bomb
was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
That same day, aircraft from HMS
Formidable attacked Japanese ships in Onagawa Wan, near Tokyo. Lieutenant Robert Hampton
Gray DSC, RCNVR, flying a Chance-Vought
Corsair from HMS
Formidable, was hit by anti-aircraft fire. Despite being wounded, and his plane's being in flames, he pressed his attack, sinking the escort ship
Amakusa, before crashing into the bay. Gray was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross.
1969: Sharon
Tate, Abigail
Folger, Wojciech
Frykowski, Jay
Sebring and Steven Parent were murdered in Los Angeles by followers of Charles
Manson.
1974: President Richard
Nixon resigned from office, making Gerald
Ford the only US president who was not elected to the office of either president or vice-president.

In addition to Fl Iulius Valens (c 328–378), Lieut Gray (1917-1945), and Sharon Tate (1943-1969) and her fellow victims, Sir Frank
Whittle OM KBE FRS (1907–1996), Gregory
Hines (1946–2003) and James
Van Allen (1914–2006) died on this date.

And happy birthday to Izaak
Walton (1593-1683), Amedeo
Avogadro (1776–1856), William Barret
Travis (1809–1836), Pamela L
Travers OBE (1899–1996), Tove
Jansson (1914–2001), Robert
Shaw (1927–1978), Sam
Elliott (1944-TBD) and Gillian
Anderson (1968-TBD).
* HMAS Australia survived the Battle of Savo Island, but has the distinction of being believed to have been the first ship damaged by a kamikaze attack, and to be the ship hit the most times by kamikazes.